Retraction rules: directory

• COPE

  Topic

  Purpose

  Rule

  Retraction corrects the literature and is not meant to punish authors ¹

  Source

  Retraction guidelines, Version 3 ¹

• COPE

  Topic

  Grounds

  Rule

  Retract when findings cannot be relied upon, from honest error, naive mistakes or misconduct ¹

  Source

  Retraction guidelines, Version 3 ¹

• COPE

  Topic

  Expression of concern

  Rule

  Should be published if a decision to retract is delayed ¹

  Source

  Retraction guidelines, Version 3 ¹

• COPE

  Topic

  Timing

  Rule

  Notice as soon as the editor is confident the work is seriously flawed or misleading ¹

  Source

  Retraction guidelines, Version 3 ¹

• COPE

  Topic

  Decision

  Rule

  The editor decides. Publishers support, recommend and may jointly issue notices ¹

  Source

  Retraction guidelines, Version 3 ¹

• ICMJE

  Topic

  Labelling

  Rule

  Label retracted articles in abstract, full text and PDF ²

  Source

  ICMJE Recommendations ²

• ICMJE

  Topic

  Linking

  Rule

  Link retraction and original in both directions. Keep the article in the public domain ²

  Source

  ICMJE Recommendations ²

• ICMJE

  Topic

  Authorship of notice

  Rule

  Ideally written by the authors, or by the editor if they cannot ²

  Source

  ICMJE Recommendations ²

• ICMJE

  Topic

  Republication

  Rule

  Retraction with republication for unintentional errors that change results where the science appears valid ⁵

  Source

  ICMJE Recommendations ⁵

• ICMJE

  Topic

  Older papers

  Rule

  For papers over about 10 years old an editor may decide a correction is not warranted ⁵

  Source

  ICMJE Recommendations ⁵

• NISO

  Topic

  Metadata

  Rule

  Status of retractions, removals and expressions of concern must be clear to people and machine-readable ³

  Source

  RP-45-2024 CREC ³

• Elsevier

  Topic

  Display

  Rule

  PDF kept with a retracted watermark, HTML removed, retraction note shown first ⁴

  Source

  Company statement ⁴

• Elsevier

  Topic

  Withdrawal

  Rule

  Only for Articles in Press published in error or duplicated ⁴

  Source

  Company statement ⁴

• Elsevier

  Topic

  Removal

  Rule

  Only on legal grounds or serious health risk, where retraction is insufficient ⁴

  Source

  Company statement ⁴

• Springer Nature

  Topic

  Fraud

  Rule

  The paper will be retracted if fraud is confirmed ⁶

  Source

  Company statement ⁶

• Crossref

  Topic

  Status display

  Rule

  Members using Crossmark commit to report changes such as a correction or retraction ⁷

  Source

  Crossmark documentation ⁷

• Crossref

  Topic

  Public data

  Rule

  Retraction Watch database, acquired September 2023, updated every working day ⁸

  Source

  Crossref documentation ⁸

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